Epoxy resins or polyepoxides are basically reactive prepolymers having epoxide functionalities and can be cured using hardening agents to form high-performance materials. Graphene is the most widely adopted nanofiller for thermosets, and similarly modified graphene forms, like three-dimensional graphene, were investigated as a valuable reinforcing agent. Looking at the significance of three-dimensional graphene for epoxy nanomaterials, this innovative review highlights all essential aspects of these materials from basics/synthesis to properties/applications. Consequently, literature reports were observed for facile designs and processing of epoxy/three-dimensional graphene nanocomposites via solution casting, infiltration, or melt blending methods. These nanomaterials have been investigated for microstructures, thermal/mechanical stability, anticorrosion, tribology, electrical/thermal conduction, and other properties. Among applied zones, epoxy/three-dimensional graphene nanocomposites’ physical attributes revealed enormous worth for electromagnetic and gamma ray shielding, corrosion protective coatings, and lubricants. Nevertheless, research seems restricted to design variations and applications of epoxy/three-dimensional graphene nanocomposites. Similarly, scientific reports lack sufficient information on interfacial and property enhancement mechanisms and foremost challenges limiting research margins on these hybrids. Hence, this article unveils the state-of-the-art of epoxy/three-dimensional graphene nanocomposites and can serve as a valuable guide for field researchers.

epoxy; three-dimensional graphene; nanocomposites; synthesis; properties; radiation shielding; anticorrosion

1. De Souza IAM, Augusto de Morais E, Geraldo V. Waterproofing materials by incorporating as grown carbon nanotubes into paint. Journal of Polymer Science and Engineering. 2024; 7(2): 6758. doi: 10.24294/jpse.v7i2.6758

2. Melia LF, Gallegos MV, Juncal L, et al. Enhanced photocatalytic performance by ZnO/Graphene heterojunction grown on Ni foam for methylene blue removal. Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials. 2024; 7(1): 5756. doi: 10.24294/can.v7i1.5756

3. Thiyagarajan P. A review on three‐dimensional graphene: Synthesis, electronic and biotechnology applications‐The Unknown Riddles. IET Nanobiotechnology. 2021; 15(4): 348-357. doi: 10.1049/nbt2.12045

4. Shahzad T, Nawaz S, Jamal H, Shahzad T, Akhtar F, Kamran U. A Review on Cutting-Edge Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Composite Materials: Redefining Wastewater Remediation for a Cleaner and Sustainable World. Journal of Composites Science. 2025; 9(1): 18. doi: 10.3390/jcs9010018

5. Ramachandran T, Roy N, Hegazy HH, et al. From graphene aerogels to efficient energy storage: current developments and future prospects. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2025; 1010: 177248. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177248

6. Fekiač JJ, Krbata M, Kohutiar M, et al. Comprehensive Review: Optimization of Epoxy Composites, Mechanical Properties, & Technological Trends. Polymers. 2025; 17(3): 271. doi: 10.3390/polym17030271

7. Ingar Romero A, Raicevic T, Al Boustani G, et al. Self-Foldable Three-Dimensional Biointerfaces by Strain Engineering of Two-Dimensional Layered Materials on Polymers. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2025; 17(7): 10305-10315. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c17342

8. Hajebi S, Payamani M, Fattahi H, et al. Dual-Curing Epoxy Thermosets: Design, Curing, Properties and Applications. Polymer Reviews. 2024; 65(1): 250-280. doi: 10.1080/15583724.2024.2405684

9. Wu T, Wu D, Deng Y, et al. Three-dimensional network-based composite phase change materials: Construction, structure, performance and applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2024; 199: 114480. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2024.114480

10. Yilmaz OF, Kirca M. Mechanical tuning of three-dimensional graphene network materials through geometric hybridization. Computational Materials Science. 2025; 247: 113544. doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2024.113544

11. Feng R, Zhu W, Yang W, et al. Scalable production of flexible and multifunctional graphene-based polymer composite film for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon. 2025; 233: 119875. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119875

12. Liu J, Wu Y, Yan F, et al. Graphene-based anticorrosion coatings for steel: Fundamental mechanism, recent progress and future perspectives. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2025; 200: 108966. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2024.108966

13. Palaniyappan S, Sivakumar NK, Annamalai G, et al. Mechanical and tribological behaviour of three-dimensional printed almond shell particles reinforced polylactic acid bio-composites. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications. 2024; 239(1): 111-126. doi: 10.1177/14644207241248505

14. Jiang Z, Wu J, Yu L, et al. Two-dimensional nanomaterials as lubricant additives: the state-of-the-art and future prospects. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2025; 13(9): 4327-4373. doi: 10.1039/d4tc04844j

15. Zhang S, Chen P, Wei L, et al. Theoretical investigation on the dynamic thermal transport properties of graphene foam by machine-learning molecular dynamics simulations. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2025; 210: 109631. doi: 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2024.109631

16. Yao G, Xiang H, Lucas M, et al. Sound Continuous Production of Thermosets. Advanced Functional Materials. 2023; 34(12). doi: 10.1002/adfm.202312736

17. Zhou MH, Yin GZ, González Prolongo S. Review of thermal conductivity in epoxy thermosets and composites: Mechanisms, parameters, and filler influences. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research. 2024; 7(3): 295-308. doi: 10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.08.003

18. Zhao L, Ren J, Xing P, et al. Advances in Dissolvable Polymers and Composites for Oil and Gas Industry. Published online February 10, 2025. doi: 10.20944/preprints202502.0615.v1

19. Umar FS, Yazid S, Dambatta HM, et al. Performance Evaluation of Epoxy Resin/Modified Bentonite Composite. Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences. Published online September 30, 2023: 19-29. doi: 10.34198/ejcs.11124.019029

20. Aziz T, Haq F, Farid A, et al. The epoxy resin system: function and role of curing agents. Carbon Letters. 2023; 34(1): 477-494. doi: 10.1007/s42823-023-00547-7

21. Comí M, Van Ballaer B, Gracia-Vitoria J, et al. Hardener-Dependent Properties of Twice Renewable Epoxy Resins Combining Tailored Lignin Fractions and Recycled BPA. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 2024; 12(24): 9279-9289. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c02394

22. Shafranska O, Sutton C, Kalita D, et al. A Preliminary Study of Thermosets from Epoxy Resins Made Using Low‐Toxicity Furan‐Based Diols. Macromolecular Rapid Communications. 2024; 45(12). doi: 10.1002/marc.202300665

23. Shi M, Liu J, Qin J, et al. Reprocessed, shape-memory and self-healing robust epoxy resin by hindered urea bond. Polymer. 2024; 290: 126565. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.126565

24. Lomovskoy VA, Shatokhina SA, Simonov-Emel’yanov ID. Phenomenological Description of the “Structure–Property” Relation for Epoxy Oligomer Hardeners on the Basis of Internal Friction Spectra. Colloid Journal. 2024; 86(3): 418-430. doi: 10.1134/s1061933x24600076

25. Dlugaj AM, Arrabiyeh PA, Eckrich M, et al. Dual-Curable Epoxy-Amine Thermosets: Influence of Stoichiometry and Ratio between Hardeners on Thermal and Thermomechanical Properties. ACS Applied Polymer Materials. 2024; 6(5): 2902-2912. doi: 10.1021/acsapm.3c03132

26. Deng Y, Wong YW, Teh LKY, et al. Optimizing dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties of epoxy resin through molecular design for multifunctional performance. Materials Horizons. 2025; 12(4): 1323-1333. doi: 10.1039/d4mh01414f

27. Kuwamura M, Tanaka K, Onoda A, et al. Measurement of Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether (BADGE), BADGE derivatives, and Bisphenol F Diglycidyl Ether (BFDGE) in Japanese infants with NICU hospitalization history. BMC Pediatrics. 2024; 24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12887-023-04493-1

28. Schamel E, Bauer F, Schlachter H, et al. Bio‐Based Epoxy Resins Derived from Eugenol with High Glass Transition Temperatures as Substitutes for DGEBA. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering. 2025; 310(5). doi: 10.1002/mame.202400394

29. Xu J, Brodu N, Devougue-Boyer C, et al. Biobased novolac resins cured with DGEBA using water-insoluble fraction of pyrolysis bio-oil: Synthesis and characterization. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2022; 138: 104464. doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104464

30. Fan C, Zhang R, Luo X, et al. Epoxy phenol novolac resin: A novel precursor to construct high performance hard carbon anode toward enhanced sodium-ion batteries. Carbon. 2023; 205: 353-364. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2023.01.048

31. Morinaga H, Shibutani M. Repeatable adhesion of bio-based polymer derived from tetrafunctional epoxides and polyhydric carboxylic acid. Tetrahedron Letters. 2024; 140: 155021. doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2024.155021

32. Chen H, Zhu Z, Patil D, et al. Mechanical properties of reactive polyetherimide-modified tetrafunctional epoxy systems. Polymer. 2023; 270: 125763. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125763

33. Elizalde F, Aguirresarobe RH, Gonzalez A, et al. Dynamic polyurethane thermosets: tuning associative/dissociative behavior by catalyst selection. Polymer Chemistry. 2020; 11(33): 5386-5396. doi: 10.1039/d0py00842g

34. Schmarsow RN, Mateos A, Ceolín M, et al. Preparation of ribbon-like core-crystalline micelles in epoxy and dimethacrylate matrices for potential applications as barrier membranes. Polymer. 2025; 319: 127990. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2024.127990

35. Cao P, Tian S, Dai J, et al. A catfish Skin-inspired dual-antifouling epoxy thermoset as coatings for marine antifouling applications. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2025; 504: 159057. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.159057

36. Nabavi SF, Dalir H. A comprehensive review of laser-assisted manufacturing processes for thermoset composites: Physical behavior, fundamental mechanisms of the process, and applications. Journal of Manufacturing Processes. 2025; 148: 99-149. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.05.016

37. Singh P, Sharma S, Kumar K, et al. Synergetic Effect of TiO 2 Toward Mechanically and Thermally Stable Hybrid Epoxy Nanocomposites: A Review. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Materials. 2024; 64(5): 633-660. doi: 10.1080/25740881.2024.2423365

38. Uniyal P, Gaur P, Yadav J, et al. A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Nanosilica as a Toughening Agent for Enhanced Epoxy Composites for Aerospace Applications. ACS Omega. 2025; 10(16): 15810-15839. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c10073

39. Yang K, Wu C, Zhang G. A state of review for graphene-based materials in preparation methods, characterization, and properties. Materials Science and Engineering: B. 2024; 310: 117698. doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2024.117698

40. Xie B, Guo Y, Chen Y, et al. Advances in Graphene-Based Electrode for Triboelectric Nanogenerator. Nano-Micro Letters. 2024; 17(1). doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01530-1

41. Santra S, Bose A, Mitra K, et al. Exploring two decades of graphene: The jack of all trades. Applied Materials Today. 2024; 36: 102066. doi: 10.1016/j.apmt.2024.102066

42. Perala RS, Chandrasekar N, Balaji R, et al. A comprehensive review on graphene-based materials: From synthesis to contemporary sensor applications. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports. 2024; 159: 100805. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2024.100805

43. Elsehsah KAAA, Noorden ZA, Saman NM, et al. Enhancing graphene-based supercapacitors with plasma methods: A review. FlatChem. 2025; 50: 100832. doi: 10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100832

44. Qin T, Wang T, Zhu J. Recent progress in on-surface synthesis of nanoporous graphene materials. Communications Chemistry. 2024; 7(1). doi: 10.1038/s42004-024-01222-2

45. Batool F, Muhammad S, Muazzam R, et al. Advancements in graphene-based composites: A review of the emerging applications in healthcare. Smart Materials in Medicine. 2025; 6(1): 120-138. doi: 10.1016/j.smaim.2025.01.001

46. Sun M, Wang S, Liang Y, et al. Flexible Graphene Field-Effect Transistors and Their Application in Flexible Biomedical Sensing. Nano-Micro Letters. 2024; 17(1). doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01534-x

47. Adfar Q, Hussain S, Maktedar SS. Insights into energy and environmental sustainability through photoactive graphene-based advanced materials: perspectives and promises. New Journal of Chemistry. 2025; 49(7): 2511-2650. doi: 10.1039/d4nj03693j

48. Zhang M, Zheng Q, Cao WQ, et al. Thermally tailoring dielectric genes of graphene hybrids for tuning electromagnetic properties. Materials Horizons. 2025; 12(5): 1440-1451. doi: 10.1039/d4mh01351d

49. Karami MH, Abdouss M, Rahdar A, et al. Graphene quantum dots: Background, synthesis methods, and applications as nanocarrier in drug delivery and cancer treatment: An updated review. Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 2024; 161: 112032. doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112032

50. Wang B, Shen L, He Y, et al. Covalent Organic Framework/Graphene Hybrids: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Small. 2023; 20(23). doi: 10.1002/smll.202310174

51. de Matos CF, Leão MB, Vendrame LFO, et al. Unlocking the paracetamol adsorption mechanism in graphene tridimensional-based materials: an experimental-theoretical approach. Frontiers in Carbon. 2024; 3. doi: 10.3389/frcrb.2024.1305183

52. Chen CM, Zhang Q, Huang CH, et al. Macroporous ‘bubble’ graphene film via template-directed ordered-assembly for high rate supercapacitors. Chemical Communications. 2012; 48(57): 7149. doi: 10.1039/c2cc32189k

53. Chen Z, Ren W, Gao L, et al. Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition. Nature Materials. 2011; 10(6): 424-428. doi: 10.1038/nmat3001

54. Cao X, Shi Y, Shi W, et al. Preparation of Novel 3D Graphene Networks for Supercapacitor Applications. Small. 2011; 7(22): 3163-3168. doi: 10.1002/smll.201100990

55. Kumar V, Kumar A, Lee DJ, et al. Estimation of Number of Graphene Layers Using Different Methods: A Focused Review. Materials. 2021; 14(16): 4590. doi: 10.3390/ma14164590

56. Nugraheni Rositawati D, Widianto E, Lukmantoro A, et al. Significantly enhanced thermoelectric performance of interstitial N-doped graphene: A density functional theory study. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2024; 677: 415711. doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2024.415711

57. Barkan T, Ratwani CR, Johnson D, et al. Mapping the landscape for graphene commercialization. Nature Reviews Physics. 2024; 6(11): 646-647. doi: 10.1038/s42254-024-00754-9

58. Zhang J, Lian S, Zhu F, et al. High-performance strain sensors using flexible micro-porous 3D-graphene with conductive network synergy. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2025; 13(7): 3414-3423. doi: 10.1039/d4tc04700a

59. Karaman C, Bengoa LN, Gil RMG, et al. Quinone Quest: Unraveling electrochemical performance in quinone-anchored 3D graphene architectures for high-energy supercapacitors. Electrochimica Acta. 2025; 512: 145414. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.145414

60. Ding Q, Ding N, Chen X, et al. Effect of grain boundaries, cure, and temperature on the thermomechanical properties of epoxy/graphene composites. Polymer Composites. 2023; 45(4): 3406-3421. doi: 10.1002/pc.27998

61. Mahmud MdZA, Rabbi SMF, Islam MdD, et al. Synthesis and applications of natural fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites: A comprehensive review. SPE Polymers. 2024; 6(1). doi: 10.1002/pls2.10161

62. Tavernier R, Semsarilar M, Caillol S, 2023, Bio-Sourced Alternatives to Diglycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A in Epoxy-Amine Thermosets. Green Materials, 40: 1-47.

63. Gao J, Yu J, Wu X, et al. Enhanced thermal properties for epoxy composites with a three-dimensional graphene oxide filler. Fibers and Polymers. 2015; 16(12): 2617-2626. doi: 10.1007/s12221-015-5637-7

64. Jia J, Sun X, Lin X, et al. Exceptional Electrical Conductivity and Fracture Resistance of 3D Interconnected Graphene Foam/Epoxy Composites. ACS Nano. 2014; 8(6): 5774-5783. doi: 10.1021/nn500590g

65. Embrey L, Nautiyal P, Loganathan A, et al. Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam Induces Multifunctionality in Epoxy Nanocomposites by Simultaneous Improvement in Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2017; 9(45): 39717-39727. doi: 10.1021/acsami.7b14078

66. Han X, Wang T, Owuor PS, et al. Ultra-Stiff Graphene Foams as Three-Dimensional Conductive Fillers for Epoxy Resin. ACS Nano. 2018; 12(11): 11219-11228. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05822

67. Wang K, Wang W, Wang H, et al. 3D graphene foams/epoxy composites with double-sided binder polyaniline interlayers for maintaining excellent electrical conductivities and mechanical properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2018; 110: 246-257. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2018.05.001

68. Ormategui N, Veloso A, Leal GP, et al. Design of Stable and Powerful Nanobiocatalysts, Based on Enzyme Laccase Immobilized on Self-Assembled 3D Graphene/Polymer Composite Hydrogels. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2015; 7(25): 14104-14112. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5b03325

69. Sun H, Hwang U, Kim S, et al. Reversible Thixotropic Rheological Properties of Graphene-Incorporated Epoxy Inks for Self-Standing 3D Printing. ACS Macro Letters. 2025; 14(2): 135-141. doi: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00765

70. Liu L, Xu C, Yang Y, et al. Graphene-based polymer composites in thermal management: materials, structures and applications. Materials Horizons. 2025; 12(1): 64-91. doi: 10.1039/d4mh00846d

71. Gopal PM, V. K, Sudhagar S. Evolution and recent advancements of composite materials in industrial applications. Applications of Composite Materials in Engineering. Published online 2025: 317-334. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-443-13989-5.00013-9

72. Ramya K, Gopalakrishnan J, Chokkalingam B, et al. A Comprehensive Evaluation and Assessment Practices of Electromagnetic Interferences in Electric Vehicle. IEEE Access. 2025; 13: 40520-40560. doi: 10.1109/access.2025.3534017

73. Wang C, Lin X, Xu J, et al. Multifunctional bamboo-derived porous carbon for efficient electrical-thermal energy management and electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon. 2025; 233: 119872. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119872

74. Tang X, Lu Y, Li S, et al. Hierarchical Polyimide Nonwoven Fabric with Ultralow-Reflectivity Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and High-Temperature Resistant Infrared Stealth Performance. Nano-Micro Letters. 2024; 17(1). doi: 10.1007/s40820-024-01590-3

75. Manogaran R, Murugesan M. A review on recent advancements in textile fabrics for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. Materials Today Communications. 2025; 44: 111879. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.111879

76. Kamedulski P, Truszkowski S, Lukaszewicz JP. Highly Effective Methods of Obtaining N-Doped Graphene by Gamma Irradiation. Materials. 2020; 13(21): 4975. doi: 10.3390/ma13214975

77. Xia W, Zhao J, Wang T, et al. Anchoring ceria nanoparticles on graphene oxide and their radical scavenge properties under gamma irradiation environment. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2017; 19(25): 16785-16794. doi: 10.1039/c7cp02559a

78. Kumar R, Sahoo S, Joanni E, et al. Heteroatom doping of 2D graphene materials for electromagnetic interference shielding: a review of recent progress. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences. 2021; 47(4): 570-619. doi: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1965954

79. Gultekin B, Bulut F, Yildiz H, et al. Production and investigation of 3D printer ABS filaments filled with some rare-earth elements for gamma-ray shielding. Nuclear Engineering and Technology. 2023; 55(12): 4664-4670. doi: 10.1016/j.net.2023.09.009

80. Wang C, Wang Y, Zou F, et al. Construction of lightweight, high-energy absorption 3D-printed scaffold for electromagnetic interference shielding with low reflection. Composites Part B: Engineering. 2025; 291: 112043. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2024.112043

81. Cao W, Yang Y, Wang G, et al. Review: recent progress in fine-structured graphene materials for electromagnetic interference shielding. Journal of Materials Science. 2024; 59(25): 11246-11277. doi: 10.1007/s10853-024-09846-4

82. Guo H, Hua T, Qin J, et al. A New Strategy of 3D Printing Lightweight Lamellar Graphene Aerogels for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Piezoresistive Sensor Applications. Advanced Materials Technologies. 2022; 7(9). doi: 10.1002/admt.202101699

83. Khodadadi Yazdi M, Noorbakhsh B, Nazari B, et al. Preparation and EMI shielding performance of epoxy/non-metallic conductive fillers nano-composites. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2020; 145: 105674. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105674

84. Wan YJ, Yu SH, Yang WH, et al. Tuneable cellular-structured 3D graphene aerogel and its effect on electromagnetic interference shielding performance and mechanical properties of epoxy composites. RSC Advances. 2016; 6(61): 56589-56598. doi: 10.1039/c6ra09459g

85. Wang H, Li N, Xu Z, et al. Enhanced sheet-sheet welding and interfacial wettability of 3D graphene networks as radiation protection in gamma-irradiated epoxy composites. Composites Science and Technology. 2018; 157: 57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.01.024

86. Liang C, Qiu H, Han Y, et al. Superior electromagnetic interference shielding 3D graphene nanoplatelets/reduced graphene oxide foam/epoxy nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 2019; 7(9): 2725-2733. doi: 10.1039/c8tc05955a

87. Wang L, Li H, Xiao S, et al. Preparation of p-Phenylenediamine Modified Graphene Foam/Polyaniline@Epoxy Composite with Superior Thermal and EMI Shielding Performance. Polymers. 2021; 13(14): 2324. doi: 10.3390/polym13142324

88. Yadav A, Panjikar S, Singh Raman RK. Graphene-Based Impregnation into Polymeric Coating for Corrosion Resistance. Nanomaterials. 2025; 15(7): 486. doi: 10.3390/nano15070486

89. Han Q, Wang R, Xue Y, et al. Optimization strategies for graphene-based protection coatings: a review. Corrosion Reviews. 2024; 43(1): 23-59. doi: 10.1515/corrrev-2023-0156

90. Fan X, Liu B, Xiong L, et al. Application of highly oriented two-dimensional materials in anti-corrosion coatings: a review and prospect. Surface Science and Technology. 2024; 2(1). doi: 10.1007/s44251-024-00062-5

91. Kulyk B, Freitas MA, Santos NF, et al. A critical review on the production and application of graphene and graphene-based materials in anti-corrosion coatings. Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences. 2021; 47(3): 309-355. doi: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1886046

92. Yu X, Zhang M, Chen H. Superhydrophobic anticorrosion coating with active protection effect: Graphene oxide-loaded inorganic/organic corrosion inhibitor for magnesium alloys. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2024; 480: 130586. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2024.130586

93. Liu J, Fang Y, Ou Y, et al. Synergistic anti-corrosion and anti-wear of epoxy coating functionalized with inhibitor-loaded graphene oxide nanoribbons. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 2025; 220: 140-149. doi: 10.1016/j.jmst.2024.08.063

94. Guan J, Du X. Improving the anti-corrosive performance of epoxy/zinc composite coatings with N-doped 3D reduced graphene oxide. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2024; 186: 107959. doi: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107959

95. Qin Z, Su Y, Bai Y, et al. Improving the Corrosion Resistance of Zn-Rich Epoxy Coating with Three-Dimensional Porous Graphene. Polymers. 2023; 15(21): 4302. doi: 10.3390/polym15214302

96. Tu C, Yuan R, Qi H, et al. Does the dispersion method affect the tribological properties of graphene oxide? Surface and Coatings Technology. 2025; 497: 131737. doi: 10.1016/j.surfcoat.2025.131737

97. Acar ÇG, Žunda A. Tribological Aspects of Graphene and Its Derivatives. Lubricants. 2025; 13(6): 232. doi: 10.3390/lubricants13060232

98. Gu W, Chu K, Lu Z, et al. Synergistic effects of 3D porous graphene and T161 as hybrid lubricant additives on 316 ASS surface. Tribology International. 2021; 161: 107072. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2021.107072

99. Li N, Zhang L, Bai X, et al. Tribological properties of graphene additive in steel/DLC composite lubrication systems. Diamond and Related Materials. 2025; 152: 111872. doi: 10.1016/j.diamond.2024.111872

100. Chen J, Yu J, Liu D, et al. Tribological properties and synergistic lubrication mechanism of 3D graphene/nano-TiO2 (G@TiO2) composite castor oil: A microscopic view and molecular dynamics perspective. Tribology International. 2023; 188: 108821. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2023.108821

101. Hanon MM, Ghaly A, Zsidai L, et al. Tribological characteristics of digital light processing (DLP) 3D printed graphene/resin composite: Influence of graphene presence and process settings. Materials & Design. 2022; 218: 110718. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2022.110718