developing countries; energy efficiency; energy transition; low carbon development strategy; renewable energy policy

Lalnazov D, Keeley A. Motivations, enabling factors and barriers to the energy transition in Indonesia and Vietnam. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, proceedings of the 2020 6th International Conference on Environment and Renewable Energy; 24–26 February 2020; Hanoi, Vietnam. IOP Publishing; 2020. Volume 505, p. 012044. Pearson R, Bardsley DK. Applying complex adaptive systems and risk society theory to understand energy transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 2022; 42: 74–87. doi: 10.1016/j.eist.2021.11.006 Wimbadi RW, Djalante R. From decarbonization to low carbon development and transition: A systematic literature review of the conceptualization of moving toward net-zero carbon dioxide emission (1995–2019). Journal of Cleaner Production 2020; 256: 120307. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120307 Alstone P, Gershenson D, Kammen DM. Decentralized energy systems for clean electricity access. Nature Climate Change 2015; 5(4): 305–314. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2512 Zhang W, Li B, Xue R, et al. A systematic bibliometric review of clean energy transition: Implications for low-carbon development. PloS One 2021; 16(12): e0261091. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261091 Mundaca L, Busch H, Schwer S. ‘Successful’ low-carbon energy transitions at the community level? An energy justice perspective. Applied Energy 2018; 218: 292–303. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.146 Lee J, Yang JS. Global energy transitions and political systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019; 115: 109370. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2019.109370 Lisin A, Senjyu T. Renewable energy transition: Evidence from spillover effects in exchange-traded funds. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 2021; 11(3): 184–190. doi: 10.32479/ijeep.10899 Ambole A, Koranteng K, Njoroge P, Luhangala DL. A review of energy communities in sub-saharan Africa as a transition pathway to energy democracy. Sustainability 2021; 13(4): 2128. doi: 10.3390/su13042128 Todd I, De Groot J, Mose T, et al. Response to “Monyei, Jenkins, Serestina and Adewumi examining energy sufficiency and energy mobility in the global south through the energy justice framework”. Energy Policy 2019; 132: 44–46. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.05.012 Biely K, Chappin E, de Vries G, et al. Understanding the embeddedness of individuals within the larger system to support the energy transition. Sustainability Science 2022; 17(6): 2173–2175. doi: 10.1007/s11625-022-01230-y Goldthau A, Sitter N. A liberal actor in a realist world? The commission and the external dimension of the single market for energy. Journal of European Public Policy 2014; 21(10): 1452–1472. doi: 10.1080/13501763.2014.912251 Kuzemko C, Lockwood M, Mitchell C, Hoggett R. Governing for sustainable energy system change: Politics, contexts and contingency. Energy Research & Social Science 2016; 12: 96–105. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.022 Heffron RJ. Applying energy justice into the energy transition. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2022; 156: 111936. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2021.111936 Wahlund M, Palm J. The role of energy democracy and energy citizenship for participatory energy transitions: A comprehensive review. Energy Research & Social Science 2022; 87: 102482. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102482 Leonhardt R, Noble B, Poelzer G, et al. Advancing local energy transitions: A global review of government instruments supporting community energy. Energy Research & Social Science 2022; 83: 102350. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102350 Sareen S, Haarstad H. Bridging socio-technical and justice aspects of sustainable energy transitions. Applied Energy 2018; 228: 624–632. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.104 Allan G, Gilmartin M, McGregor P, et al. Economics of energy efficiency. In: Evans J, Hunt LC. International Handbook on the Economics of Energy. Edward Elgar Publishing; 2009. Hunt LC, Evans J. International Handbook on the Economics of Energy. Edward Elgar Publishing; 2011. Fowlie M, Meeks R. The economics of energy efficiency in developing countries. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy 2021; 15(2): 238–260. doi: 10.1086/715606 Gerarden TD, Newell RG, Stavins RN. Assessing the energy-efficiency gap. Journal of Economic Literature 2017; 55(4): 1486–1525. doi: 10.1257/jel.20161360 Blair N, Pons D, Krumdieck S. Electrification in remote communities: Assessing the value of electricity using a community action research approach in Kabakaburi, Guyana. Sustainability 2019; 11(9): 2566. doi: 10.3390/su11092566 Wong CML. Assembling interdisciplinary energy research through an actor network theory (ANT) frame. Energy Research & Social Science 2016; 12: 106–110. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.024 Nalule VR, Mu XS. Should countries fire sell their oil & gas assets? Addressing the mis-conceptions surrounding the continued role of fossil fuels in the energy transition era. Journal of Sustainable Development Law and Policy 2021; 11(2): 432–440. doi: 10.4314/jsdlp.v11i2.7 Abdelbaki Mahmoud Abdelbaki Hamza, S. Guiding the Renewable Energy Transition in Developing Countries: Towards an Integrated Model of Providing Renewable Energy in Low Income Housing in Egypt ;'PhD thesis]. Oxford Brookes University; 2020. Baker L, Newell P, Phillips J. The political economy of energy transitions: The case of South Africa. New Political Economy 2014; 19(6): 791–818. doi: 10.1080/13563467.2013.849674 FitzRoy F. Some simple economics of energy transition. Substantia 2019; 3(2): 55–67. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-276. Babayomi OO, Dahoro DA, Zhang Z. Affordable clean energy transition in developing countries: Pathways and technologies. iScience 2022; 25(5): 104178. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104178 Edomah N. Economics of energy supply. In: Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier; 2018. Gatto A. The energy futures we want: A research and policy agenda for energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science 2022; 89: 102639. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2022.102639 Fabra N. The energy transition: An industrial economics perspective. International Journal of Industrial Organization 2021; 79: 102734. doi: 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2021.102734 Joskow, Paul L (2019). “Challenges for Wholesale Electricity Markets with Intermittent Renewable Generation at Scale: the US Experience”. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 35(2), pp. 291–331. Cambini C, Meletiou A, Bompard E, Masera M. Market and regulatory factors influencing smart-grid investment in Europe: Evidence from pilot projects and implications for reform. Utilities Policy 2016; 40: 36–47. doi: 10.1016/j.jup.2016.03.003 Seyfang G, Haxeltine A, Hargreaves T, Longhurst N. Energy and communities in transition: Towards a new research agenda on agency and civil society in sustainability transitions. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/48803 (accessed on 21 September 2022). Hoicka CE, Lowitzsch J, Brisbois MC, et al. Implementing a just renewable energy transition: Policy advice for transposing the new European rules for renewable energy communities. Energy Policy 2021; 156: 112435. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112435 Hyysalo S. Citizen Activities in Energy Transition: User Innovation, New Communities, and the Shaping of a Sustainable Future. Taylor & Francis; 2021. Velasco-Herrejón P, Bauwens T, Calisto Friant M. Challenging dominant sustainability worldviews on the energy transition: Lessons from indigenous communities in Mexico and a plea for pluriversal technologies. World Development 2022; 150: 105725. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105725 Gui EM, MacGill I. Typology of future clean energy communities: An exploratory structure, opportunities, and challenges. Energy Research & Social Science 2018; 35: 94–107. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.019 Mucha-Kuś K, Sołtysik M, Zamasz K, Szczepańska-Woszczyna K. Coopetitive nature of energy communities—The energy transition context. Energies 2021; 14(4): 931. doi: 10.3390/en14040931 Morris C, Pehnt M, Landgrebe D, et al. Energy transition. The German energiewende. Available online: https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/50/064/50064834.pdf?r=1 (accessed on 2 August 2022). Lundblad JP. A review and critique of Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory as it applies to organizations. Organization Development Journal 2003; 21(4): 50–64. Mentis A, Moonsammy S. A critical assessment of Guyana’s sustainability pathway: Perspectives from a developing extractive economy. Resources Policy 2022; 76: 102554. doi: 10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102554 Monyei CG, Jenkins K, Serestina V, Adewumi AO. Examining energy sufficiency and energy mobility in the global south through the energy justice framework. Energy Policy 2018; 119: 68–76. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.026 Hanke F, Guyet R, Feenstra M. Do renewable energy communities deliver energy justice? Exploring insights from 71 European cases. Energy Research & Social Science 2021; 80: 102244. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102244 Tomain JP. The democratization of energy. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 2015; 48(4): 1125–1145. De Pascali P, Bagaini A. Energy transition and urban planning for local development. A critical review of the evolution of integrated spatial and energy planning. Energies 2018; 12(1): 35. doi: 10.3390/en12010035 Abrahim B, Homenauth O. Biomass energy potential of coconut varieties in Guyana. Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 2019; 5(2): 97. doi: 10.33158/asb.2019v5i2p97 Jenkins K, McCauley D, Heffron R, et al. Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science 2016; 11: 174–182. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2015.10.004 Miller CA, Richter J, O’Leary J. Socio-energy systems design: A policy framework for energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science 2015; 6: 29–40. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2014.11.004 Heiskanen E, Hyysalo S, Kotro T, Repo P. Constructing innovative users and user-inclusive innovation communities. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 2010; 22(4): 495–511. doi: 10.1080/09537321003714568 Jenkins K, McCauley D, Forman A. Energy justice: A policy approach. Energy Policy 2017; 105: 631–634. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.052 Rehner R, McCauley D. Security, justice and the energy crossroads: Assessing the implications of the nuclear phase-out in Germany. Energy Policy 2016; 88: 289–298. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.10.038 Heffron RJ, McCauley D. The concept of energy justice across the disciplines. Energy Policy 2017; 105: 658–667. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.018 Lacey-Barnacle M, Robison R, Foulds C. Energy justice in the developing world: A review of theoretical frameworks, key research themes and policy implications. Energy for Sustainable Development 2020; 55: 122–138. doi: 10.1016/j.esd.2020.01.010 Monyei CG, Jenkins KEH, Monyei CG, et al. Response to Todd, De Groot, Mose, McCauley and Heffron’s critique of “Examining energy sufficiency and energy mobility in the global south through the energy justice framework”. Energy Policy 2019; 133: 110917. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110917 Bolt K, Clemens MA, Matete M. Manual for Calculating Adjusted Net Savings. Environment Department, World Bank; 2002. Comodi G, Spinaci G, Di Somma M, Graditi G. Transition potential of local energy communities. Technologies for Integrated Energy Systems and Networks 2022; 275–304. doi: 10.1002/9783527833634.ch11 Vanegas Cantarero MM. Of renewable energy, energy democracy, and sustainable development: A roadmap to accelerate the energy transition in developing countries. Energy Research & Social Science 2020; 70: 101716. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101716 Kim JE. Sustainable energy transition in developing countries: The role of energy aid donors. Climate Policy 2018; 19(1): 1–16. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2018.1444576 Ram M, Bogdanov D, Aghahosseini A, et al. Global energy transition to 100% renewables by 2050: Not fiction, but much needed impetus for developing economies to leapfrog into a sustainable future. Energy 2022; 246: 123419. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.123419 Shari BE, Dioha MO, Abraham-Dukuma MC, et al. Clean cooking energy transition in Nigeria: Policy implications for Developing countries. Journal of Policy Modelling 2022; 44(2): 319–343. doi: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.03.004 Emodi NV, Haruna EU, Abdu N, et al. Urban and rural household energy transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: Does spatial heterogeneity reveal the direction of the transition? Energy Policy 2022; 168: 113118. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113118 Dagnachew AG, Lucas PL, Hof AF, et al. The role of decentralized systems in providing universal electricity access in Sub-Saharan Africa–A model-based approach. Energy 2017; 139: 184–195. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.07.144 Helgenberger S, Gürtler K, Borbonus S, et al. Mobilizing the co-benefits of climate change mitigation: Building New Alliances–Seizing Opportunities–Raising Climate Ambitions in the new energy world of renewables. Available online: https://publications.rifs-potsdam.de/rest/items/item_2892889_15/component/file_2892890/content (accessed on 22nd August, 2022). Power M, Newell P, Baker L, et al. The political economy of energy transitions in Mozambique and South Africa: The role of the Rising Powers. Energy Research & Social Science 2016; 17: 10–19. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2016.03.007 Government of Guyana. Low carbon development strategy—A new low-carbon economy. Available online: https://lcds.gov.gy/# (accessed on 27 January 2023). Niel Gardner DO, Alleyne D, Gomes C. An assessment of fiscal and regulatory barriers to deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Guyana. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/11362/35913 (accessed on 27 January 2023). Hamilton K. Genuine saving as a sustainability indicator. OECD Proceedings: Frameworks to Measure Sustainable Development 2000; 65–78. https://books.google.tt/books?hl=en&lr=&id=_NQtXynVVWgC&oi=fnd&pg=PA65&dq=38.%09Hamilton+K.+Genuine+saving+as+a+sustainability+indicator.+OECD+Proceedings:+Frameworks+to+Measure+Sustainable+Development+2000%3B+65%E2%80%9378.&ots=EmcpH6TuiZ&sig=vOtN0gJMVmt8AZRsaTv6MK2Ydcg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Dos Santos C. Building capabilities in natural resource-dependent economies: An innovation systems analysis of the TVET program in Guyana. International Journal of Innovation Studies 2019; 3(1): 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijis.2019.06.002 Davis H, Stuart L, Bhim P. Potential for fuel ethanol in the Guyana sugar industry. Available online: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.1041.6744&rep=rep1&type=pdf (accessed on 27 January 2023). Winterwerp JC, de Graaff RF, Groeneweg J, Luijendijk AP. Modelling of wave damping at Guyana mud coast. Coastal Engineering 2007; 54(3): 249–261. doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2006.08.012 Healey V, Beshilas L, Coney K, Jackson G. Energy snapshot-Guyana. Available online: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1660211 (accessed on 23 August 2022). Pedraza A, Riquelme R, Méndez P. Energy efficiency in water utilities: The case of Guyana. Available online: https://policycommons.net/artifacts/306307/energy-efficiency-in-water-utilities/1224276/ on 23 Aug 2022. CID: 20.500.12592/8pnvs1 (accessed on 27 January 2023). Wood S, Rowena C. National energy efficiency monitoring report of Guyana. Available online: http://hdl.handle.net/11362/45476 (accessed on 27 January 2023). Caramizaru A, Uihlein A. Energy Communities: An Overview of Energy and Social Innovation. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union; 2020. Almeshqab F, Ustun TS. Lessons learned from rural electrification initiatives in developing countries: Insights for technical, social, financial and public policy aspects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2019; 102: 35–53. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.035 Andrews-Speed P. Applying institutional theory to the low-carbon energy transition. Energy Research & Social Science 2016; 13: 216–225. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2015.12.011 Atteridge A, Verkuijl C, Dzebo A. Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) as instruments for promoting national development agendas? An analysis of Small Island developing states (SIDS). Climate Policy 2019; 20(4): 485–498. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2019.1605331 Blazquez J, Fuentes R, Manzano B. On some economic principles of the energy transition. Energy Policy 2020; 147: 111807. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111807 Caird S, Roy R. User-centered improvements to energy efficiency products and renewable energy systems: Research on household adoption and use. International Journal of Innovation Management 2008; 12(03): 327–355. doi: 10.1142/s1363919608002072 Day R, Walker G, Simcock N. Conceptualising energy use and energy poverty using a capabilities framework. Energy Policy 2016; 93: 255–264. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.03.019 FitzRoy FR, Papyrakis E. An Introduction to Climate Change Economics and Policy. Routledge; 2016. Fowlie M, Greenstone M, Wolfram C. Do energy efficiency investments deliver? Evidence from the weatherization assistance program. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2018; 133(3): 1597–1644. doi: 10.1093/qje/qjy005 Hoicka CE, Lowitzsch J, Brisbois MC, et al. Implementing a just renewable energy transition: Policy advice for transposing the new European rules for renewable energy communities. Energy Policy 2021; 156: 112435. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112435 Houde S, Aldy JE. Consumers’ response to state energy efficient appliance rebate programs. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 2017; 9(4): 227–255. doi: 10.1257/pol.20140383 Kemp R. The Dutch energy transition approach. In: Bleischwitz R, Welfens PJJ, Zhang ZX (editors). International Economics of Resource Efficiency. Physica-Verlag HD; 2011. pp. 187–213. Nielsen KH. How user assemblage matters: Constructing learning by using in the case of wind turbine technology in Denmark. 1973–1990. In: The New Production of Users. Routledge; 2016. pp. 101–122. Nielsen KR, Reisch LA, Thøgersen J. Sustainable user innovation from a policy perspective: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2016; 133: 65–77. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.092 Ornetzeder M, Rohracher H. User-led innovations and participation processes: Lessons from sustainable energy technologies. Energy Policy 2006; 34(2): 138–150. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.037 Rohracher H. The role of users in the social shaping of environmental technologies. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 2003; 16(2): 177–192. doi: 10.1080/13511610304516 Ryszawska B, Rozwadowska M, Ulatowska R, et al. The power of co-creation in the energy transition—DART model in citizen energy communities projects. Energies 2021; 14(17): 5266. doi: 10.3390/en14175266 Van Summeren LFM, Wieczorek AJ, Verbong GPJ. The merits of becoming smart: How Flemish and Dutch energy communities mobilise digital technology to enhance their agency in the energy transition. Energy Research & Social Science 2021; 79: 102160. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.102160